LIBRARY SCIENCE

Objectives (3.0)

Study of libraries in UK and USA significant as trendsetters/world models in library development, innovators in techniques/technologies/services. Unit provides bird’s eye view of development. After reading, gain historical perspective with landmarks; comprehend government role especially legislation for public libraries; appreciate library associations’ contributions; observe trends in library/information systems/services with IT application and future possibilities.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Introduction (3.1)

Discusses development in UK/USA, recognizing libraries’ importance from 18th century. Includes: sketch of UK libraries before 1850; religion’s role in establishments; commercial/subscription libraries in both countries. Industrial revolution boosted UK library movement needing skilled workers, leading to libraries in industrial areas. Middle class education spread necessitated libraries. Dedicated persons/philanthropists provided funds. Major credit to central/state/local governments via legislation enabling tax collection for maintenance. Academic/special/other libraries grew remarkably. IT enables rapid access irrespective of location, expands resource utilization. Understand current trends/future prospects for effective roles/challenges.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Libraries in UK before 1850 (3.2)

Monastic Libraries (3.2.1)

Religion dominated Europe middle ages-18th century, leading to monasteries where clergy’s reading/writing necessitated libraries. Early English monasteries: Canterbury, Wearmouth, York. Related: cathedral/parish libraries; parish clergy book access difficult, cathedral libraries distant/limited hours. Most monastic libraries closed during Henry VIII. Dr. Thomas Bray (1656-1730) associated with parish libraries establishment; survived via private benefactors. War/natural calamities destroyed several cathedral libraries (e.g., St. Paul, Lincoln by fire); preserved ancient documents. Not public libraries (for religious worshipers, conditional public use); short-lived due to individual funding lack of continuity.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Subscription and Circulating Libraries (3.2.2)

By 1700 AD, >500 grammar schools, 460 charity schools; newspapers grew post-1694 censorship removal; coffee houses as news dissemination centres; London public science lectures end-17th century. Shift religious→secular subjects; magazines/dailies (Tatler, Spectator, Gentleman’s Magazine) first decade 18th century; Samuel Johnson: England “nation of readers”. Middle class demand led to private/commercial subscription libraries: (1) private subscription (friends/relatives contribute books/cash; gentlemen’s societies in coffee houses; membership 12-few hundred; share guinea, annual 6-10 shillings; small stock, e.g., Liverpool 1801: 8,000 vols; makeshift/rented/own buildings (Bristol/Birmingham/Liverpool); proprietor committee controls acquisitions/premises/librarian; strict rules/heavy fines. London Library 1841 by Thomas Carlyle, wide membership, >700,000 vols now. (2) Book clubs/reading societies mid-18th century: small membership (≤24); no permanent collection (sell/divide books); social/literary groups, monthly meetings; economical (no salaried librarian/rent; inn/coffee house/member home); suited small towns/villages/working class. (3) Commercial circulating libraries (booksellers profit): Edinburgh 1725 Allan Ramsay; Bath/Bristol 1728; London 1740 (6 in decade); >1,000 by 18th century end; popular for fiction; some departmental stores attached; W.H. Smith & Son, Boots Booklovers (branches nationwide).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Mechanics Institutes (3.2.3)

Industrial Revolution created industrial middle class (mechanics); formed groups → mechanics institutes for mass education. George Birbeck (Andersonian Institute Glasgow) started mechanics class 1800 on technical skills; 700 members in 4 years; Glasgow Mechanics Institute 1823. Rapid expansion: ~1,000 institutes by 1863. Varied: library/lectures focus; mainly scientific books; later nucleus of public libraries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Library Legislation (3.3)

The 1850 Act (3.3.1)

14 August 1850: British library legislation reality (no public/profession demand; credit William Ewart, Joseph Brotherton MPs, Edward Edwards British Museum assistant). Ewart (Liverpool birth/Scot descent; MP Liverpool 1830-37, Dumfries 1841-68; social reforms) + Brotherton persuaded Commons; Edwards provided data (“Statistical view principal public libraries Europe/USA“). 1849 Select Committee (Ewart chair); Edwards evidence. Bill Feb 1850, royal assent 14 Aug. Empowered municipal authorities ≥10,000 population adopt (2/3 votes; no poll 2 years if fail). Half penny/pound rateable value for building/fuel/lighting/fixtures/furniture/staff salaries (no books; donations). First adoptions: Norwich/Winchester/Bolton/Ipswich/Manchester/Oxford (2 years); +Blackburn/Sheffield/Cambridge 1854. Extended Scotland/Ireland 1853.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Subsequent Amendments (3.3.2)

1850 Act principle only, restrictive (authorities/money/uses/adoption). Edwards Manchester PL Librarian 1850 persuaded Ewart amend. 1855 Act: penny rate; books/newspapers purchase; parishes ≥5,000 pop. 1866: no pop limit; simple majority. Minor: 1871/1877/1884/1887/1889/1891. 1892: consolidated repealing prior. By 1900: ~780/1000+ boroughs/urban districts adopted. Landmark: Library Association 1877.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Library Surveys and Reports (3.4)

Donations to Public Libraries (3.4.1)

Public content with subscriptions; tax opposition; financial constraints. Andrew Carnegie (Scotland-born/USA industrialist) donated for buildings (books local); 1900-1912: ~£2 million; earlier smaller. Passmore Edwards (1823-1911) substantial. Result: 1900-1909 208 authorities adopted; 366 buildings/292 authorities. Carnegie UK Trust 1913. Growth tardy: no book funds; underpaid/overworked staff.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Adams Report (3.4.2)

Donations created problems; Carnegie trustees surveyed via Dr. W.G.S. Adams 1915. Critical: buildings (£10,000+) absorbed 1d rate leaving pittance for books; prior libraries reduced book spend; inadequate librarian income.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Penny Rate Abolished (3.4.3)

Adams led to Public Libraries Act 1919: repealed penny limit; county councils adopt unserved areas. Rapid: 1927 96% population covered.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Mitchell and Kenyon Reports (3.4.4)

Carnegie 1924: Lieut-Colonel J.M. Mitchell (sequel Adams; UK-wide; county service/coordination; stats insight). Board Education 1924: Sir Frederic Kenyon 1927 (“Kenyon Report“): 96.3% England/Wales covered; per head spend/circulation/demand/wasteful reading rooms (newspapers/mags).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

McColvin Report (3.4.5)

1936 LA survey (Rockefeller; 12 areas/experts; 1 month limit→divergent; war hindered). 1941 LA: Lionel R. McColvin (Westminster City Librarian; Carnegie cost; 1942 spring). Deplorable state; recommendations: central authority promotion/maintenance; examine buildings/loans/standards/books/staff qual/salaries; grants as higher education.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Roberts Report (3.4.6)

1957 Minister Education: Dr. S.C. Roberts committee on structure/arrangements. 1959: counties/county boroughs/metropolitan boroughs/London continue; parishes cease; existing apply continuance ≥£5,000/2s per head; non-county/urban ≥50,000 pop same; staffing/interlibrary cooperation; Minister oversee.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

The 1964 Act (3.4.7)

Minister accepted Roberts (post-local consult); working parties H.T. Bourdillon, E.B.H. Baker (efficient service/cooperation). Led Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964: Secretary State Education/Science superintend/promote improvement.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

The British Library Act (3.5)

UGC Thomas Parry committee 1967: no apex; recommend British National Library. Secretary State: Dr. F.S. Dainton committee (British Museum Library/NLLST/Science Museum Library; unified framework). Recommend National Libraries Authority (reference: British Museum/NRSLI; lending: NLLST/National Central Library). Accepted: reference/lending/bibliographic services → British Library. British Library Act 1972 operative 1 July 1973.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Kinds of Libraries, Growth and Future Trends (3.6)

British Library (BL) 1973 (Dainton/BLA 1972; amalgamated British Museum/National Central/NLLST/BNB): humanities/social sciences/science/tech/industry/bibliographic/Blaise/R&D. Total structure: BL + National Libraries Scotland/Wales; public system; academic (research/univ/college/polytechnic/teaching); special (business/industrial/users/collections). Access: PACs/resource sharing/online databases/document delivery. Trends: funds reduce (20 yrs; more); info management reorganisation; access>holdings; budget books→info; local switching/documentation/training; end-user searching/ordering; networks/campus systems; private pricing resistance; national cost recovery; academic: skill/IT/flexible/distance learning/OPAC; public: community info (disabilities/institutions/housebound/basic ed/elderly/visually/hearing impaired/multi-cultural); free basic/value-added charge. Changes: social/demographic/IT/users/institutions →21st century unrecognizable.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Development of Libraries in USA (3.7)

Colonial Period (3.7.1)

Recent origin; early migrants survival-focused; religious heritage (clergy Bible/physician books). Private libraries modest/religious. Notable: William Brewster (Plymouth), John Winthrop (Connecticut Gov), Col. William Byrd (Westover VA), James Logan (Philadelphia): 3,000-4,000 vols. First public: Boston 1653 Robert Keayne £300 Town House (to 1749 fire). Thomas Bray (Anglican) >70 libraries 1695-1704 (Maryland focus/one per colony; SPCK/SPGFP; theological for clergy; not strictly public).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Social Libraries (3.7.2)

Like UK book clubs/subscriptions → social libraries. Benjamin Franklin 1731 Library Company Philadelphia (40s initial/10s annual; “mother”). Others: Redwood Newport, New York Society, Charleston. Peak 1790-1815 decline public rise. Secular focus: history/biography/travel/lit/grammar/agri/arithmetic/natural science. Commercial profit libraries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Mercantile Libraries (3.7.3)

Agri→industrial; mercantile/industrial workers; firms sponsored mercantile/mechanics/apprentices libraries for education/recreation; 19th century first half education movement.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

School District-Public Libraries (3.7.4)

Dewitt Clinton (NY Gov) idea: school-housed/open public free. 1835 NY law: $20 start/$10 annual; state $55,000/yr (match district). By 1876: 21 states.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Library Legislation (3.8)

First modern free public: Peterborough NH 1823 budget. 1848 Boston PL MA General Court. 1849 NH cities/towns tax. Every state has Act (basis establishment/admin/tax; vary: comprehensive/separate types; free use; separate library fund). Federal: 1956 Library Services Act (rural education; 1964 LSCA urban/cooperation).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Philanthropy and Library Movement (3.9)

Major factor late 19th. NYPL: John Jacob Astor 1848 $400,000 reference (1854 open 90,000 vols; Joseph Green Cogswell director); James Lenox 1870 ~20,000 vols (lit/folklore/history/Milton/Shakespeare/Bunyan/classics); Samuel J. Tilden 1900 $5M (litigation half). 1895 merge. Others: Enoch Pratt Baltimore 1884, Newberry Chicago 1887, John Crerar Chicago 1894, Henry E. Huntington San Marino 1919, Pierpont Morgan NY. Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919): buildings (community books/maint); USA 1,681 buildings; by 1920 >$500M; 1890 only 7/16 large cities municipal → spread.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Library of Congress (3.10)

Lead giver; detailed Unit 5.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Kinds of Libraries, Growth and Future Trends (3.11)

1989 stats:

National: LC (trendsetter; catalogue cards→National Union Catalog→MARC; projects); NLM (1950s Army Med Lib; MEDLARS/MEDLINE/Index Medicus; ~1M holdings); NAL (Agri Dept; agri info CS&R). Other federal. Academic: school/college/univ/research; Harvard largest private; others Berkeley/Stanford/Columbia/Chicago/Princeton/Yale. School/media centres >75,000 elem/sec; federal/assoc standards: reading/ref/teaching/instructional/computer literacy. Special: specific clientele/small collections/trained staff; e.g., AT&T Bell Labs/IBM/Westinghouse; newspapers/advertising/learned soc/hospitals/banks/legal/publishing/scientific. Trends: UK-like + INTERNET/networks (links/sensors/DBs/processors → post-modern infra exceed human intel); Libraries/Internet/NREN book; NII/Info Superhighway: people/content/hardware/software (FTP/gophers/USENET/WAIS/WWW/HTML)/standards; IITF policies.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Role of Professional Associations (3.12)

Exceptional: UK LA 1877, ASLIB 1926 (Special Libs/Info Bureaux); USA ALA 1876, SLA 1909, ASIS 1937. Promote services/professional interests/standards/guidelines/codes/manuals/journals/training/national/international contacts. Detailed other unit.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Chronological Order

• Middle ages-18th c.: Religion dominates → monasteries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1653: Boston first public (Keayne).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1695-1704: Bray >70 libs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1694: Censorship removed.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1700: >500 grammar/460 charity schools.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1725: Edinburgh circulating (Ramsay).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1728: Bath/Bristol circulating.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1731: Franklin Philadelphia.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1740: London circulating (6 decade).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1749: Boston fire.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1800: Birbeck mechanics class.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1823: Glasgow Mechanics; Peterborough NH first free public.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1835: NY school district law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1841: London Library Carlyle.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1848: Boston PL Act; Astor bequest.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1849: NH Act.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1850: UK Act 14 Aug; Edwards Manchester.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1853: Scotland/Ireland extend.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1854: Astor open.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1855: UK amend.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1863: ~1,000 mechanics inst.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1866: UK amend.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1870: Lenox NY.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1871/77/84/87/89/91: Minor amends; LA 1877.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1876: 21 states school dist; ALA.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1884: Enoch Pratt.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1887: Newberry.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1890: 7/16 cities municipal.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1892: Consolidated.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1894: Crerar.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1895: NYPL merge.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1900: 780/1000+ adopted.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1900-09: 208 adopt/366 bldgs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1900-12: Carnegie £2M.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1909: SLA.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1913: Carnegie UK Trust.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1915: Adams.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1919: UK Act penny repeal.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1920: Carnegie >$500M.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1924: Mitchell/Kenyon.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1927: Kenyon (96.3%).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1936: LA survey.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1937: ASIS.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1941-42: McColvin.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1950s: NLM.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1956: USA LSA.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1957-59: Roberts.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1964: LSCA; UK Act.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1967: Parry.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1972-73: BLA.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• 1989: USA stats.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Key Personalities/Exponents

• Dr. Thomas Bray (1656-1730): Parish libraries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• George Birbeck: Mechanics classes/institute.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• William Ewart: 1850 Act champion.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Joseph Brotherton: Assisted Ewart.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Edward Edwards: Data/evidence; Manchester Librarian.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Thomas Carlyle: London Library 1841.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Allan Ramsay: Edinburgh circulating 1725.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919): Buildings donations.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Passmore Edwards (1823-1911): Grants.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Dr. W.G.S. Adams: 1915 Report.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Lieut-Colonel J.M. Mitchell: 1924 Report.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Sir Frederic Kenyon: 1927 Report.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Lionel R. McColvin: 1942 Report.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Dr. S.C. Roberts: 1959 Report.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Thomas Parry: 1967 UGC.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Dr. F.S. Dainton: National Authority.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• H.T. Bourdillon/E.B.H. Baker: 1964 working parties.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Benjamin Franklin: 1731 social lib.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Robert Keayne: 1653 Boston.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Thomas Bray: USA colonial libs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Dewitt Clinton: School district.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• John Jacob Astor: NY ref 1848.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Joseph Green Cogswell: Astor director.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• James Lenox: 1870 NY.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Samuel J. Tilden: 1900 bequest.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• William Brewster/John Winthrop/Col. William Byrd/James Logan: Colonial private.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Samuel Johnson: “Nation of readers”.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Key Words/Definitions

• Database: Info on computer files, remote terminal/telecom access.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Documentation: Acquisition/handling/communication of info esp scientific reports/semi-published.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Information Superhighway: Electronic networks access databases via hardware/software/networking convergence.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Intellectual Property: Author’s ownership right created work.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Network: Physically separate computers/telecom links sharing resources.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Teleconferencing: Media tech session/meeting/conf/discussion distant interaction.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

References

• Kelley, Thomas (1966). Early Public Libraries. London: Library Association.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Kelly, Thomas (1997). A History of Public Libraries in Great Britain 1845-1975. London: Library Association.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Kent, Allen et al. (1978). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. New York: Dekker. V.24, p.267-331.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Bearman, T.C. (1995). National Information Infrastructure. Bowker Annual/Library Book Trade Almanac, pp.65-69.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• British Librarianship and Information Work 1986-1990 (1992). Ed. David W. Bromley/Angela M. Allott. V.2. London: LA Publishing.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• Information UK 2000 (1990). Ed. John Martyn/Peter Vickers/Mary Feeney. London: Bowker-Saur.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• McClure, C.R./Moen, W.E./Eyan, J. Libraries and the Internet/NREN: Perspectives, Issues and Challenges. Westport: Meckler.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
• World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (ed.3, 1993). Chicago: ALA.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

MCQs

1. UK/USA significant for libraries as: A) Trendsetters/models B) Late developers C) No IT D) Asia focus A – Countries innovators in techniques/services.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
2. Unit covers UK pre-: A) 1850 B) 1900 C) 1950 D) 1973 A – Sketch before 1850 libraries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
3. Industrial revolution boosted UK libraries in: A) Rural B) Industrial areas C) Monasteries D) Colonies B – Needed skilled workers.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
4. Early monasteries England: A) London/Oxford B) Canterbury/Wearmouth/York C) Bristol/Liverpool D) Edinburgh/Glasgow B – Monastic libraries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
5. Parish libraries associated: A) Henry VIII B) Thomas Bray C) George Birbeck D) William Ewart B – Dr. Thomas Bray 1656-1730.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
6. Cathedral libs destroyed fire: A) York/Canterbury B) St. Paul/Lincoln C) Wearmouth/Bath D) Bristol/Oxford B – Well-known examples.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
7. By 1700 AD grammar schools: A) 100 B) 500+ C) 1000 D) 460 B – >500 grammar/460 charity.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
8. Censorship removed: A) 1694 B) 1700 C) 1725 D) 1850 A – Newspaper growth.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
9. Liverpool sub lib 1801 vols: A) 1000 B) 8000 C) 700000 D) 500 B – Biggest then.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
10. London Lib founder/year: A) Ewart/1850 B) Carlyle/1841 C) Franklin/1731 D) Carnegie/1900 B – Thomas Carlyle 1841.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
    (Continuing to 100+ for comprehensiveness; exam-difficult on dates/names/stats/roles)
11. Book clubs max members: A) 100 B) 24 C) 500 D) Unlimited B – Dozen or two.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
12. First circulating Edinburgh: A) 1725 Ramsay B) 1740 London C) 1728 Bath D) 1800 Birbeck A – Allan Ramsay.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
13. Circulating libs by 18th c end: A) 100 B) 1000+ C) 5000 D) 70 B – Throughout country.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
14. Birbeck mechanics class: A) 1823 B) 1800 C) 1863 D) 1700 B – 1800 Glasgow.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
15. Mechanics inst by 1863: A) 100 B) 1000 C) 208 D) 780 B – Nearly thousand.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
16. 1850 Act date: A) 14 Aug B) 14 Feb C) 1855 D) 1849 A – Red letter day.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
17. 1850 Act pop min: A) 5000 B) 10000 C) No limit D) 50000 B – Municipal.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
18. 1850 rate: A) Penny B) Half penny/lb C) 2s/head D) $20 B – Rateable value.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
19. First 1850 adoptions (6): A) London/Bristol B) Norwich etc C) NYC/Boston D) Scotland B – Norwich/Winchester/Bolton/Ipswich/Manchester/Oxford.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
20. Ewart repre. (Pattern continues for all sections: 21-40 Legislation amends/donations; 41-60 Reports; 61-70 BL/UK trends; 71-85 USA early; 86-100 Legislation/philanthropy/kinds/stats/assocs; total 200 feasible but condensed for response limit; each with 1-sent expl/cite).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
21. MCQs Batch 1 (21-50): UK Legislation, Amendments & Donations
22. 1850 Act adoption required: A) Simple majority B) 2/3 votes C) Unanimous D) No poll B – Two-thirds majority of votes cast, no poll for 2 years if failed.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
23. 1850 Act excluded spending on: A) Furniture B) Books C) Salaries D) Lighting B – Books/cash via benefactors only.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
24. Edwards Manchester PL Librarian year: A) 1849 B) 1850 C) 1855 D) 1866 B – Persuaded Ewart for amendments.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
25. 1855 Act rate limit: A) Half penny B) One penny C) No limit D) 2s/head B – Raised from half penny.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
26. 1855 Act parish pop min: A) 10,000 B) 5,000 C) No limit D) 50,000 B – Extended power to parishes ≥5,000.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
27. 1866 amendment changed majority to: A) 2/3 B) Simple C) Unanimous D) No vote B – Removed population limit too.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
28. Consolidated Act year: A) 1855 B) 1866 C) 1892 D) 1919 C – Repealed all prior Acts.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
29. By 1900 boroughs adopted: A) 1000+ B) 780/1000+ C) All D) 208 B – Out of over 1000 boroughs/urban districts.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
30. Library Association formed: A) 1850 B) 1877 C) 1892 D) 1919 B – Landmark period.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
31. Carnegie donations 1900-1912: A) £2M B) $500M C) £10,000/building D) £5M A – Nearly two million pounds for buildings.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
32. Passmore Edwards lifespan: A) 1835-1919 B) 1823-1911 C) 1656-1730 D) 1841-1868 B – Substantial grants donor.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
33. 1900-1909 authorities adopted: A) 780 B) 208 C) 292 D) 366 B – Spurt due to donations.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
34. Donations resulted in buildings: A) 208 B) 366/292 auth C) 1000 D) 780 B – 366 over 292 authorities.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
35. Carnegie UK Trust year: A) 1900 B) 1913 C) 1919 D) 1924 B – Created by Carnegie.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
36. Pre-donation problems: A) Overpaid staff B) No book funds/underpaid staff C) Excess books D) Short hours B – Tardy growth.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
37. Adams Report year: A) 1915 B) 1919 C) 1924 D) 1927 A – Carnegie trustees survey.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
38. Adams criticised buildings costing: A) £5,000 B) £10,000+ C) £2M D) $500M B – Absorbed 1d rate.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
39. 1919 Act repealed: A) 1850 B) Penny rate C) Population limit D) All B – Penny rate limitation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
40. 1927 population coverage: A) 96.3% B) 96% C) 100% D) 78% B – New Public Libraries Act.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
41. First 1850 adoptions exclude: A) Manchester B) London C) Norwich D) Bolton B – London not listed.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
42. Ewart Select Committee year: A) 1849 B) 1850 C) 1855 D) 1866 A – For legislation enactment.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
43. Edwards paper title included: A) UK only B) Europe/USA C) India D) Scotland B – Statistical view principal public libraries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
44. 1853 extension to: A) India B) Scotland/Ireland C) USA D) Colonies B – 1850 Act.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
45. Minor amendments after 1866: A) 3 B) 6 C) 10 D) None B – 1871,77,84,87,89,91.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
46. 1854 additional adoptions (3): A) London/Oxford B) Blackburn/Sheffield/Cambridge C) Bristol/Liverpool D) Glasgow/Edinburgh B – Followed first six.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
47. Carnegie grants restricted to: A) Books B) Buildings C) Staff D) IT B – Local community books.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
48. Post-donation staff issues: A) Overworked/underpaid B) Well-paid C) Short hours D) Excess A – Long hours/underpaid.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
49. 1900-09 buildings span: A) 292 auth B) 366 C) 208 D) 780 B – Short period spurt.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
50. Pre-1850 Act credit to personalities (3): A) Carnegie/Bray/Franklin B) Ewart/Brotherton/Edwards C) Birbeck/Ramsay/Carlyle D) Adams/McColvin/Kenyon B – No public demand.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
51. Ewart MP tenure total: A) 20 yrs B) 40+ yrs C) 30 D) Lifetime B – Liverpool 1830-37, Dumfries 1841-68.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
52. MCQs Batch 2 (51-80): UK Surveys, Reports & British Library
53. Mitchell Report focus: A) Buildings B) County service/coordination C) Books D) Staff B – 1924 Carnegie sequel Adams.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
54. Kenyon Report year/pop coverage: A) 1924/96% B) 1927/96.3% C) 1915/78% D) 1942/100% B – England/Wales.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
55. 1936 LA survey areas: A) 6 B) 12 C) 24 D) UK only B – Rockefeller financed.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
56. McColvin Report commissioner: A) Carnegie B) LA 1941 C) UGC D) Minister B – Honorary secretary Westminster.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
57. McColvin major rec (3rd): A) Central authority B) Free books C) Higher ed grants D) All C – Grants as higher education.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
58. Roberts Committee chair/year: A) 1957/S.C. Roberts B) 1941/McColvin C) 1924/Kenyon D) 1967/Parry A – 1959 report.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
59. Roberts min book spend: A) £5000/2s head B) £10,000 C) 1d rate D) $20 A – Or 2 shilling per head.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
60. Roberts pop min new auth: A) 5,000 B) 10,000 C) 50,000 D) None C – Non-county/urban districts.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
61. 1964 Act working parties (2): A) Ewart/Edwards B) Bourdillon/Baker C) Mitchell/Kenyon D) Adams/McColvin B – Efficient service/cooperation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
62. 1964 Act duty on: A) Local auth B) Secretary State Ed/Science C) LA D) Carnegie B – Superintend/promote improvement.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
63. Parry Committee 1967: A) Public libs B) University libs C) National D) Special B – UGC; no apex system.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
64. Dainton Committee examined: A) 2 B) 4 units C) BL only D) USA B – BML/NLLST/SML/NRSLI/NCL.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
65. British Library Act operative: A) 1972 B) 1 July 1973 C) 1967 D) 1975 B – Passed 1972.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
66. BL amalgamated (4): A) Public/academic B) BML/NCL/NLLST/BNB C) LA/ASLIB D) USA libs B – 1973 formation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
67. BL services include: A) Blaise R&D B) Only books C) No IT D) Public only A – Humanities/sci/biblio.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
68. UK total structure excludes: A) BL/Nat Scotland/Wales B) India C) Private homes D) All included A – +public/academic/special.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
69. Future trend: funds since: A) 1973 B) 20 yrs ago C) 1850 D) Increasing B – Reduced real terms.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
70. Library strategy shift: A) Holdings→access B) Books→info purchase C) Both D) None C – Budgetary constraints.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
71. End users future role: A) Passive B) DB searching/ordering C) No IT D) Staff only B – Personal workstations.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
72. Public libs new services: A) Multi-cultural/disabilities B) Only fiction C) Close D) Books only A – Housebound/elderly etc.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
73. Adams Report criticised: A) Book spend B) Building upkeep>books C) Staff pay D) Hours B – Pittance for books.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
74. Kenyon noted wasteful: A) Books B) Reading rooms newspapers/mags C) IT D) Networks B – Many details.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
75. McColvin survey cost by: A) Rockefeller B) Carnegie C) LA D) Govt B – Trust met cost.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
76. Roberts: parishes to: A) Continue B) Cease library auth C) Merge D) Expand B – Authorities.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
77. BL fields (3): A) Reference/lending/biblio B) Public/academic C) UK/USA D) Past/future A – Main activities.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
78. UK trends: local libs as: A) Resource B) Switching centre/doc services C) Closing D) Static B – Provider training.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
79. Academic libs: OPAC: A) Optional B) Every lib operational C) Rare D) Manual B – Continuous expansion.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
80. 1936 survey time limit: A) 1 month B) 1 year C) War only D) None A – Per expert area.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
81. Dainton rec: A) National Lib Auth B) Local C) Private D) USA model A – Control units.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
82. 1964 Act from Roberts +: A) Ewart B) 2 working parties C) Adams D) Carnegie B – Bourdillon/Baker.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
83. MCQs Batch 3 (81-110): USA Development, Legislation & Philanthropy
84. First USA public library: A) Philadelphia 1731 B) Boston 1653 C) NYC 1848 D) NH 1823 B – Robert Keayne £300 Town House bequest. Answer: B Explanation: Survived to 1749 fire.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
85. Bray USA libraries period: A) 1653 B) 1695-1704 C) 1731 D) 1823 B – >70 libraries, Maryland focus. Answer: B Explanation: Assisted SPCK/SPGFP theological collections.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
86. Franklin Library Company year: A) 1725 B) 1731 C) 1793 D) 1823 B – Philadelphia social library “mother”. Answer: B Explanation: 40s initial/10s annual subscription.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
87. Social libraries peak period: A) 1653-1700 B) 1790-1815 C) 1835-1876 D) 1900+ B – Declined with public rise. Answer: B Explanation: Secular focus history/biography etc.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
88. USA colonial private libs (3-4k vols): A) Carnegie/Pratt B) Brewster/Winthrop/Byrd/Logan C) Ewart/Edwards D) Bray/Franklin B – Notable early collections. Answer: B Explanation: Plymouth/Connecticut/Virginia/Philadelphia.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
89. Mercantile libraries also called: A) Monastic B) Mechanics/apprentices C) Social D) School district B – Firm-sponsored for workers. Answer: B Explanation: 19th c first half education movement.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
90. School district idea by: A) Franklin B) Dewitt Clinton C) Carnegie D) Bray B – NY Governor school-housed public. Answer: B Explanation: 1835 NY law $20 start/$10 annual.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
91. School district states by 1876: A) 7 B) 21 C) 50 D) 9 B – State matched district funds. Answer: B Explanation: $55,000/yr NY state books.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
92. First modern free public USA: A) Boston 1848 B) Peterborough NH 1823 C) Philadelphia 1731 D) Chicago 1887 B – Municipal budget provision. Answer: B Explanation: New Hampshire precedent.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
93. Boston PL legislation year: A) 1823 B) 1848 C) 1849 D) 1850 B – MA General Court. Answer: B Explanation: Modern free public sense.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
94. USA state Acts feature: A) No tax B) Separate library fund C) No free use D) Uniform B – Basis establishment/admin/tax. Answer: B Explanation: Vary comprehensive/separate types.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
95. Federal LSA year: A) 1849 B) 1956 C) 1964 D) 1973 B – Rural education. Answer: B Explanation: 1964 LSCA added urban/cooperation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
96. NYPL Astor bequest: A) $5M B) $400,000/1848 C) 90,000 vols D) Both B/C D – Reference library. Answer: D Explanation: 1854 opened 90,000 vols Cogswell director.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
97. Lenox NYPL contribution: A) 1848 B) 1870 ~20,000 vols C) 1900 D) Buildings B – Literature/folklore/history. Answer: B Explanation: Milton/Shakespeare/Bunyan/classics.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
98. Tilden NYPL bequest: A) $400k B) $5M/1900 C) Books D) Building B – Litigation half to NYPL. Answer: B Explanation: 1895 Astor/Lenox/Tilden merge.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
99. Carnegie USA buildings: A) 1681 B) £2M C) $500M by 1920 D) All D – Community books/maintenance. Answer: D Explanation: 1890 only 7/16 large cities municipal.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
100. Enoch Pratt library: A) NYC B) Baltimore 1884 C) Chicago D) San Marino B – Notable philanthropy. Answer: B Explanation: Major late 19th factor.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
101. Newberry Chicago year: A) 1884 B) 1887 C) 1894 D) 1919 B – Philanthropy example. Answer: B Explanation: List includes Crerar 1894/Huntington 1919.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
102. Pre-1900 large cities w/municipal libs: A) All B) 7/16 C) 21 D) 50 B – 1890 Carnegie impact. Answer: B Explanation: Spread post-philanthropy.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
103. NYPL merge year: A) 1848 B) 1870 C) 1895 D) 1900 C – Astor/Lenox/Tilden. Answer: C Explanation: Formed NY Public Library.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
104. Library Congress detailed: A) Unit 3 B) Unit 5 C) UK D) USA only B – Lead philanthropy giver. Answer: B Explanation: Separate detailed coverage.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
105. Bray assisted by: A) SPCK/SPGFP B) LA/ALA C) Carnegie D) Ewart A – USA colonial. Answer: A Explanation: Society Promotion Christian Knowledge/Gospel.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
106. Social libs declined due to: A) War B) Public state-supported C) Cost D) Fiction B – Rise of public libraries. Answer: B Explanation: 1790-1815 peak.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
107. Keayne bequest amount: A) $55k B) £300 C) 40s D) Guinea B – 1653 Boston. Answer: B Explanation: Town House room public use.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
108. Franklin annual fee: A) 10s B) 40s C) £300 D) $20 A – Library Company. Answer: A Explanation: Initial 40 shillings.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
109. NY school district state match: A) $10 B) Equal to state C) None D) $55k B – District raised equal. Answer: B Explanation: $55,000/yr NY.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
110. USA legislation every state has: A) No B) Act for establishment C) Federal only D) None B – Varying types. Answer: B Explanation: Free use/library fund.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
111. LSCA expanded: A) Rural B) Urban/cooperation C) Books D) Staff B – 1964 post-1956 LSA. Answer: B Explanation: Library Services Act rural.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
112. Cogswell role: A) Founder B) Astor director C) Donor D) MP B – NYPL reference. Answer: B Explanation: 1854 opened 90k vols.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
113. Huntington library location/year: A) Chicago/1887 B) San Marino 1919 C) Baltimore D) NY B – Philanthropy list. Answer: B Explanation: Henry E. Huntington.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
114. MCQs Batch 4 (111-140): USA Kinds of Libraries, Stats, Trends & Associations
115. 1989 USA academic libraries no.: A) 9,068 B) 4,607 C) 11,146 D) 102,538 B – 633M collection. Answer: B Explanation: $2.46B expenditure, 21,919 prof staff.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
116. 1989 USA public libraries: A) 4,607 B) 9,068 C) 102,538 D) 3 B – 600M collection. Answer: B Explanation: $3.7B expenditure, 35,000 prof staff.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
117. 1989 school libraries USA: A) 11,146 B) 102,538 C) 9,068 D) 4,607 B – 923M collection. Answer: B Explanation: $633M expenditure, 68,391 prof staff.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
118. 1989 special libraries USA: A) 102,538 B) 11,146 C) 3 D) 9,068 B – Specific clientele. Answer: B Explanation: Business/industrial/hospitals/banks etc.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
119. National libraries 1989 vols: A) 600M B) 29M+ C) 633M D) 923M B – 29,277,384 vols. Answer: B Explanation: LC/NLM/NAL primarily.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
120. Largest private academic lib: A) LC B) Harvard C) NYC PL D) NLM B – USA academic. Answer: B Explanation: Others Berkeley/Stanford/Columbia etc.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
121. School libs > elem/sec: A) 75,000 B) 102,538 C) 9,068 D) 11,146 A – Media centres. Answer: A Explanation: Federal/assoc standards reading/ref etc.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
122. Special lib examples exclude: A) AT&T Bell Labs B) Hospitals C) Public schools D) Learned societies C – Specific users. Answer: C Explanation: IBM/Westinghouse/newspapers/advertising.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
123. USA trends include: A) No Internet B) NII/Info Superhighway C) Static D) UK only B – Networks/sensors. Answer: B Explanation: Post-modern infra exceed human intel.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
124. USA NREN role: A) Books B) Libraries/Internet book C) No networks D) Local only B – National Research. Answer: B Explanation: Links DBs/processors.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
125. Info Superhighway components: A) Books only B) People/content/hardware/software C) Libraries D) USA only B – FTP/gophers etc. Answer: B Explanation: USENET/WAIS/WWW/HTML/standards.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
126. IITF handles: A) Books B) NII policies C) Staff D) Buildings B – Information Infrastructure. Answer: B Explanation: Superhighway policies.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
127. LC trendsetter via: A) MARC B) Books only C) No cards D) Local A – Catalogue cards. Answer: A Explanation: →National Union Catalog/MARC/projects.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
128. NLM from: A) 1950s Army Med Lib B) LC C) Harvard D) NYC A – MEDLARS/MEDLINE. Answer: A Explanation: ~1M holdings Index Medicus.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
129. NAL department: A) Health B) Agriculture C) Education D) Defense B – Agri info. Answer: B Explanation: CS&R services.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
130. USA prof associations earliest: A) ASLIB B) ALA 1876 C) SLA 1909 D) ASIS 1937 B – Exceptional role. Answer: B Explanation: UK LA 1877/ASLIB 1926.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
131. SLA formed: A) 1876 B) 1909 C) 1926 D) 1937 B – Special Libraries. Answer: B Explanation: USA 1909.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
132. ASIS year: A) 1877 B) 1909 C) 1926 D) 1937 D – American Society. Answer: D Explanation: Information Science 1937.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
133. Associations promote: A) No standards B) Services/prof interests/standards C) Closure D) Local only B – Guidelines/codes. Answer: B Explanation: Manuals/journals/training/international.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
134. UK LA equivalent USA: A) ASLIB B) ALA C) SLA D) ASIS B – 1877/1876. Answer: B Explanation: Library Association.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
135. 1989 academic expenditure: A) $633M B) $2.46B C) $3.7B D) $633k B – USA stats. Answer: B Explanation: $2,461,988,000.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
136. School libs prof staff: A) 21,919 B) 35,000 C) 68,391 D) None C – 1989. Answer: C Explanation: Highest number 68,391.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
137. Public libs collection 1989: A) 633M B) 600M C) 923M D) 29M B – Approx. Answer: B Explanation: 600,000,000 vols.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
138. National libs no. 1989: A) 3 B) 4 C) 9 D) 11 A – LC/NLM/NAL. Answer: A Explanation: Other federal exist.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
139. Special libs clientele: A) General B) Specific/small collections C) National D) Academic B – Trained staff. Answer: B Explanation: Publishing/scientific/legal/banks.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
140. USA school standards include: A) No computers B) Computer literacy C) Books only D) No ref B – Federal/assoc. Answer: B Explanation: Reading/ref/teaching/instructional.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
141. LC projects from: A) Cards B) MARC C) NUC D) All D – Trendsetter. Answer: D Explanation: National Union Catalog evolution.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
142. NLM services exclude: A) MEDLARS B) Index Medicus C) Agri info D) MEDLINE C – Medical focus. Answer: C Explanation: NAL agriculture.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
143. Associations detailed: A) This unit B) Other unit C) None D) UK only B – Prof role. Answer: B Explanation: Services/standards etc other coverage.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
144. USA trends UK-like +: A) No IT B) INTERNET/NREN C) Books focus D) Static B – Networks. Answer: B Explanation: Info Superhighway/NII.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
145. MCQs Batch 5 (141-170): Comprehensive Mix – Chronology, Personalities, Reports & Trends
146. UK monastic libs closed: A) 1653 B) Henry VIII C) 1850 D) 1924 B – Most England. Answer: B Explanation: Parish libs then established.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
147. Censorship removal year: A) 1694 B) 1700 C) 1725 D) 1740 A – Newspaper circulation. Answer: A Explanation: Coffee houses news centres.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
148. Mechanics inst rapid expansion from: A) 1800 B) 1823 C) 1863 D) 1900 B – Glasgow first. Answer: B Explanation: ~1000 by 1863.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
149. 1850 Act first 6 adoptions: A) London etc B) Norwich/Winchester/Bolton/Ipswich/Manchester/Oxford C) USA cities D) Scotland B – First 2 years. Answer: B Explanation: 1854 +3 more.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
150. Carnegie UK Trust: A) 1900 B) 1913 C) 1919 D) 1924 B – Post-donations. Answer: B Explanation: Buildings spurt 1900-09.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
151. Adams Report: A) 1915 B) 1924 C) 1927 D) 1942 A – Building upkeep critique. Answer: A Explanation: £10k+ absorbed 1d rate.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
152. Kenyon Report pop coverage: A) 96% B) 96.3% C) 100% D) 78% B – 1927 England/Wales. Answer: B Explanation: Per head spend/circulation details.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
153. McColvin year/commissioner: A) 1936/LA B) 1941-42/LA C) 1957/Minister D) 1964 B – Westminster librarian. Answer: B Explanation: Carnegie cost deplorable state.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
154. Roberts Report min spend: A) £5000 OR 2s/head B) 1d rate C) $55k D) Penny A – Continuance powers. Answer: A Explanation: Whichever greater.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
155. British Lib Act: A) 1967 B) 1972/1 July 1973 C) 1973 only D) 1964 B – Operative date. Answer: B Explanation: Dainton recs amalgamated 4 units.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
156. Dr. Thomas Bray: A) Mechanics B) Parish libs 1656-1730 C) 1850 Act D) USA colonial B – UK early. Answer: B Explanation: Private benefactors support.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
157. William Ewart role: A) Data provider B) 1850 Act champion C) Report writer D) Donor B – Liverpool/Dumfries MP. Answer: B Explanation: 40+ yrs social reforms.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
158. Edward Edwards: A) MP B) British Museum assistant/data C) Mechanics D) Philanthropist B – Manchester 1850. Answer: B Explanation: Statistical view Europe/USA.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
159. George Birbeck: A) 1725 circulating B) Mechanics classes 1800 C) Book clubs D) Subscription B – Glasgow Andersonian. Answer: B Explanation: 700 members 4 yrs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
160. Thomas Carlyle: A) 1841 London Lib B) Edinburgh 1725 C) USA 1731 D) 1850 Act A – Proprietary pattern. Answer: A Explanation: >700k vols now wide membership.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
161. Andrew Carnegie: A) 1835-1919 buildings B) Books only C) Staff D) Legislation A – Scotland/USA industrialist. Answer: A Explanation: USA 1681/$500M by 1920.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
162. Lionel R. McColvin: A) 1927 Kenyon B) 1942 Westminster City C) 1959 Roberts D) 1973 Dainton B – LA secretary. Answer: B Explanation: Central authority recs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
163. F.S. Dainton: A) Parry UGC B) National Lib Auth rec C) Bourdillon party D) Mitchell B – Committee chair. Answer: B Explanation: Unified framework 4 units.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
164. Benjamin Franklin: A) 1653 Boston B) 1731 Philadelphia social C) 1848 Astor D) 1823 NH B – Library Company. Answer: B Explanation: 40s/10s “mother” USA.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
165. Dewitt Clinton: A) Mercantile B) NY school district 1835 C) Colonial D) Federal B – Governor idea. Answer: B Explanation: School-housed public free.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
166. UK future: funds trend: A) Increasing B) Reduced 20 yrs real terms C) Stable D) Unlimited B – More pronounced. Answer: B Explanation: Budget books→info purchase.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
167. USA NLM predecessor: A) LC B) 1950s Army Med Lib C) NAL D) Harvard B – MEDLARS. Answer: B Explanation: Index Medicus ~1M holdings.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
168. Info Superhighway excludes: A) FTP/gophers/WWW B) Books only C) Hardware/software D) People/content B – Electronic networks. Answer: B Explanation: Convergence standards.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
169. ALA formed: A) 1876 B) 1877 C) 1909 D) 1926 A – USA. Answer: A Explanation: UK LA 1877 equivalent.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
170. UK BL excludes: A) BML/NCL/NLLST B) BNB C) USA LC D) Blaise C – 1973 UK. Answer: C Explanation: Amalgamated 4 UK units.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
171. Passmore Edwards: A) 1823-1911 grants B) 1835-1919 C) 1656-1730 D) 1841 A – UK donations. Answer: A Explanation: Substantial public libs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
172. 1936 LA survey limit: A) 1 month/area B) 1 year C) War hindered D) Both A/C D – Rockefeller. Answer: D Explanation: 12 geo areas divergent reports.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
173. Roberts: continue as auth: A) Parishes B) Counties/county boroughs/London C) All D) None B – 1959 recs. Answer: B Explanation: Parishes cease 50k pop min new.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
174. USA school libs expenditure 1989: A) $2.46B B) $633M C) $3.7B D) None B – 923M collection. Answer: B Explanation: $633,301,000.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
175. UK public community services: A) Disabilities/multi-cultural B) Fiction only C) Close D) Books A – Housebound/elderly. Answer: A Explanation: Value-added charges future.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
176. MCQs Batch 6 (171-200): Final Comprehensive – All Sections Mastery (Stats/Reports/Chronology/Roles)
177. UK circulating libs peak: A) 1725 B) 1740-50s C) 18th c end >1000 D) 1850 C – Fiction popularity. Answer: C Explanation: Throughout country, e.g. W.H. Smith/Boots.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
178. 1855 Act added: A) Books purchase B) No pop limit C) 2/3 majority D) Buildings only A – Newspapers too. Answer: A Explanation: Penny rate/parish 5k pop.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
179. 1919 Act coverage by 1927: A) 78% B) 96% C) 96.3% D) 100% B – County councils. Answer: B Explanation: Penny rate repealed.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
180. Carnegie USA total buildings: A) 366 B) 1681 C) 208 D) 780 B – Philanthropy. Answer: B Explanation: $500M+ by 1920 spread municipal.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
181. NYPL Tilden bequest year: A) 1848 B) 1870 C) 1895 D) 1900 D – $5M. Answer: D Explanation: Litigation half to library merge.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
182. UK London Lib current vols: A) 8,000 B) 700,000+ C) 90,000 D) 29M B – 1841 Carlyle. Answer: B Explanation: Survived extensive loan collection.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
183. USA academic prof staff 1989: A) 35,000 B) 21,919 C) 68,391 D) 11,146 B – 4,607 libs. Answer: B Explanation: $2.46B expenditure 633M collection.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
184. NAL focus: A) Medical B) Agriculture C) General D) Humanities B – Dept Agriculture. Answer: B Explanation: CS&R agri info services.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
185. UK BL formation recs: A) Adams B) Dainton/Parry C) McColvin D) Roberts B – 1967/1972. Answer: B Explanation: No apex → National Authority.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
186. USA first school district law: A) 1823 B) 1835 NY C) 1848 D) 1876 B – Dewitt Clinton. Answer: B Explanation: 21 states by 1876 $55k/yr state.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
187. Subscription lib share value: A) 10s B) Guinea C) Half penny D) 40s B – Entry fee equiv. Answer: B Explanation: Annual 6-10 shillings.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
188. Mechanics class members 1804: A) 100 B) 700 C) 1000 D) 208 B – Birbeck Glasgow. Answer: B Explanation: Technical skills lectures.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
189. 1850 Act rateable: A) Penny B) Half penny/pound C) 2s/head D) $20 B – Property assessed. Answer: B Explanation: No books expenditure.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
190. McColvin recs central authority for: A) Books B) Nationwide service C) USA D) Private B – 1942. Answer: B Explanation: Standards/staff salaries grants.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
191. 1964 Act Secretary duty: A) Build B) Superintend/promote C) Tax D) Close B – Ed/Science. Answer: B Explanation: Roberts/Bourdillon/Baker recs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
192. Bray USA libs no.: A) 70+ B) 1000 C) 1681 D) 21 A – 1695-1704. Answer: A Explanation: Theological clergy Maryland mainly.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
193. Social libs secular emphasis: A) Religion B) History/biography/travel/lit C) Mechanics D) Monastic B – USA. Answer: B Explanation: Less religion vs early.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
194. USA LSA purpose: A) Urban B) Rural education C) National D) Special B – 1956. Answer: B Explanation: LSCA 1964 urban/cooperation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
195. UK trends end-user: A) No DB B) Searching/ordering workstations C) Manual D) Staff only B – Future. Answer: B Explanation: Networks/campus systems rapid.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
196. 1989 USA total public expenditure: A) $633M B) $3.7B C) $2.46B D) None B – 9,068 libs. Answer: B Explanation: $3,700,000,000 600M collection.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
197. Roberts non-county min pop: A) 5k B) 10k C) 50k D) None C – New authorities. Answer: C Explanation: £5k OR 2s/head expenditure.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
198. Carnegie grants books by: A) Himself B) Local community C) Government D) Trusts B – Buildings only. Answer: B Explanation: UK £2M 1900-12.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
199. UK 1900-09 adoption spurt: A) 780 B) 208 C) 366 D) 96% B – Authorities. Answer: B Explanation: 366 buildings/292 auth donations.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
200. USA Redwood Library: A) Philadelphia B) Newport C) Charleston D) NYC B – Social subscription. Answer: B Explanation: Franklin/others famous.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
201. Kenyon wasteful expenditure: A) Books B) Reading rooms newspapers C) Staff D) IT B – 1927. Answer: B Explanation: Mags mainly status report.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
202. ALA/SLA/ASLIB promote: A) Closure B) Standards/guidelines/journals C) No training D) Local B – Prof interests. Answer: B Explanation: International contacts/manuals.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
203. UK parish libs survived via: A) Government B) Private benefactors C) Monasteries D) Mechanics B – Post Henry VIII. Answer: B Explanation: Bray associated.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
204. USA NII components exclude: A) HTML/WWW B) Books priority C) FTP/USENET D) Software B – Info Superhighway. Answer: B Explanation: Hardware/people/content convergence.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
205. Library Assoc UK formed: A) 1876 B) 1877 C) 1909 D) 1924 B – Legislation period. Answer: B Explanation: Post numerous amendments.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​
206. Unit objective exclude: A) Historical perspective B) Govt legislation role C) India focus D) IT trends C – UK/USA only. Answer: C Explanation: Associations contributions/future systems.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-3.pdf​

Ranganathan’s Five Laws of Library Science form the philosophical foundation for librarianship, documentation, and information services, enunciated in 1928, guiding all library activities, policies, and innovations.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Objectives (2.0)

Ranganathan’s Five Laws serve as norms, precepts, and guides for good practices in librarianship, extending to documentation and information systems/services. Learners will explain library/documentation/information activities aligned with these laws and use them as logical principles for initiating new activities.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Introduction (2.1)

Five Laws enunciated in 1928 by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, Librarian of University of Madras, first presented at Provincial Educational Conference, Chidambaram, December 1928. Post-1924 education at University of London School of Librarianship and observations of English libraries, Ranganathan sought generalizable principles for efficient library organization, management, operation, and universal service. These principles embed latent practices for future emergence.
The Five Laws:

• Books are for use
• Every reader his/her book
• Every book its reader
• Save the time of the reader
• The library is a growing organism

Every library service/activity derives rationale from one/all laws; they test completeness of library work. They form philosophical basis for all library programs/services, valid for modern information systems (books=knowledge/information; readers=users). Carriers/channels evolved from print to other forms, but service philosophy unchanged.
Restated Laws (modern context):

• Documents/information are for use
• Every user his/her document/information
• Every document/information its user
• Save the time of the user
• Documentation/information system is a growing organism.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

First Law “Books are for Use” (2.2)

Not self-evident historically; medieval monastic libraries chained books for preservation over use (pre-printing era scarcity). Practice persisted post-printing invention. Today, books available without hindrance; all policies maximize use.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications of the First Law (2.2.1)

• Location: Central, convenient, noise-free for serious study. Public library: quiet central area; school/college: prominent; university: “heart” reflected geographically—easy accessibility.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Library Hours: Convenient to users; many Indian school/college/public libraries open when users unavailable.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Library Building and Furniture: Functional + aesthetic; racks not too high; children’s furniture specially designed/attractive/comfortable to encourage visits.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Staff: Qualified for efficient organization/services; courteous, cheerful, helpful (“service with a smile“); everything serves readers. Unhelpful staff deters users permanently; staff credibility (knowledge/attitude) crucial for book use.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Second Law “Every Reader His/Her Book” (2.3)

Variant: “Books for All”—mandatory service per need, universalizing/democratizing library service. Pre-democracy: privileged access only; democracy requires educated citizenry, making knowledge access basic right.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications of the Second Law (2.3.1)

Obligations: state, library authority, staff, reader.

• Obligation of the State: Develop/maintain library system via legislation (finance/coordination); set goals maximizing service output from limited funds. Public library system primary, but state responsible for school/college/university/special libraries (marginal public role for students/teachers/researchers).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Obligation of the Library Authority:
  • Choice of Books: Judicious selection via user surveys (Unit 12); formulate policy per clientele needs; buying unwanted over demanded violates law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
  • Choice of Staff: Adequate/competent team essential; helps exploit relevant resources; inadequate staff prevents service.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Obligations of the Staff: Reference service to understand needs/provide comprehensive info (beyond demanded books); library catalogue with profuse analytical/cross-references for chapters/pages; help locate micro-documents (periodical articles) via bibliographies/indexing/abstracting amid scattered literature.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Obligations of the Reader: Follow loan/use rules; avoid over-retention, misplacement, mutilation, theft (violates others’ access); user education programs essential.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Resource Sharing (2.3.2)

No library self-sufficient (even Library of Congress, Washington; Lenin State Library, Moscow); share resources locally/state/regionally/nationally/internationally via national/international agencies—key to fulfilling Second Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Third Law “Every Book Its Reader” (2.4)

Book-focused: every book finds appropriate reader/use; unused books = dead investment/waste.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Open Access (2.4.1)

Open access: Classified shelf arrangement + reader freedom; browsing discovers unknown interests. Staff: maintain classification, shelf rectification, guides (shelf/bay). Readers: no reshelving (misplacement risk), avoid mutilation/theft/hiding. Advantages (browsing related fields) outweigh disadvantages (misplacement/unsocial acts, controllable but not eliminable).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Services (2.4.2)

• Lists of New Additions: Regular compilation/distribution.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Display of New Books: Prominent display.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Book Exhibition: Periodic/topical/unused books to attract readers.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – The Library Catalogue (2.4.3)

Well-designed catalogue + added entries + reference service (like Second Law).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Fourth Law “Save the Time of the Reader” (2.5)

Busy readers need exact/fast service; time waste deters visits; momentary interests vanish if delayed.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Open Access (2.5.1)

Advocates open access vs. closed (requisition/trial-error wastes objective (actual) + subjective (felt) time). Open: reader handles books unconsciously; proper arrangement saves both.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Classification and Cataloguing (2.5.2)

Proper classification (related subjects together), reader-approach catalogue, reference service, stack guides; speedy acquisition.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Charging System (2.5.3)

Avoid register entry (time-consuming); modern: ticket/photo/computerised systems reduce issue/return time.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Fifth Law “Library is a Growing Organism” (2.6)

“Organism” (not organisation)—living entity: child growth (fast/physical/visible); adult growth (internal/qualitative/cell replacement). Library dynamic, not static; plan from start. Components: book stock, staff, readers, physical infrastructure (building/furniture/equipment)—all grow.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Book Stock (2.6.1)

Initial fast growth impacts stack/catalogue rooms/racks; interpolation causes shelf movement/relabelling; update stack guides.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Readers (2.6.2)

Grow per First Law; need more space.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Staff (2.6.3)

Quantitative/qualitative increase for new/diversified services (intensified reference, tech-backed info), admin growth.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Classification and the Catalogue (2.6.4)

Hospitable classification (no shared numbers for differing depths); interpolatable catalogue (e.g., card).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Modernisation (2.6.5)

Large/growing libraries: computerise housekeeping (acquisition/circulation/cataloguing).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Provision for the Future (2.6.6)

Building plans: horizontal/vertical expansion space.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Implications – Weeding out of Books (2.6.7)

Adult-like: remove obsolete/unwanted for relevant; self-renewing library (weeded = added post-maturity, rate slows); weeding ≠ discarding (store centrally for occasional use/cooperation).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

A Wider Interpretation of the Five Laws (2.7)

Fundamental/farsighted for changing society (Unit 1.10); last 50 years: Information Technology enables instant access/download regardless of location/bulk/variety; use/service problems persist (parameters changed).
Restated Laws fit:

• 1st: Info as resource-transformer for national development (harness/exploit/utilise).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• 2nd: Exact needs, non-discriminatory, user-centered (optimum recall/precision).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• 3rd: Focus generated info on users (“right info to right user”); full transfer chain; marketing/use professional.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• 4th (+ corollary: save staff time): Speed/effectiveness via IT.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• 5th: Systems-approach, self-adapting for dynamic needs; multi-directional info growth matches institutions.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Summary (2.8)

Laws as mainsprings/philosophy of librarianship; rationale for all activities; alert to innovations; yardstick for validity; infinite innovativeness. Reinterpreted for info context/national development/information society.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Chronological Order

• 1924: Ranganathan’s librarianship education at University of London.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• 1928: Five Laws enunciated; first exposition at Chidambaram Conference.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Medieval Era: Chained books in monastic libraries (preservation > use).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Post-Printing Invention: Persistence of use restrictions.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Last 50 Years: IT-driven info access revolution.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Modern: Restated laws for documentation/info systems.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Key Personalities/Exponents

• Dr. S.R. Ranganathan: Enunciated Five Laws (1928); University of Madras Librarian; London-trained (1924); sought universal principles.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

Key Words/Definitions

• Books: Packaged carrier of information/knowledge.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Growing Organism: Biological growth (not always external).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Information: Recorded message (any form/content).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Information Society: Info/knowledge as central change/force/direction.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Knowledge: Organised information (any physical form).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Reader/User: Library resource user; info institution customer.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

References and Further Reading

• Khanna, J.K. (1987). Library and Society. Kurukshetra: Research Publications (pp.178-211).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Rajagopalan, T.S. (ed.) (1986). Ranganathan’s Philosophy: Assessment, Impact and Relevance. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House (pp.1-95).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Ranganathan, S.R. (1988). Five Laws of Library Science. Delhi: UBS Publishers Distributors.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
• Rath, P.K. & Rath, M.M. (1992). Sociology of Librarianship. Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

MCQs

1. Five Laws first enunciated in: A) 1924 B) 1928 C) 1930 D) 1935 Answer: B Explanation: By Ranganathan at Chidambaram Conference, December 1928.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
2. Ranganathan’s London training year: A) 1920 B) 1924 C) 1928 D) 1932 Answer: B Explanation: University of London School of Librarianship before Laws.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
3. First Law historically countered: A) Open access B) Chained books C) User education D) IT Answer: B Explanation: Medieval preservation over use.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
4. University library location per First Law: A) Remote B) Heart of university C) Noisy area D) Basement Answer: B Explanation: Geographical reflection of centrality.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
5. Second Law variant: A) Books for preservation B) Books for all C) Save staff time D) Growing static Answer: B Explanation: Universal/democratic service.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
6. State obligation under Second Law: A) Only public libraries B) Legislation/finance C) No special libraries D) Ignore users Answer: B Explanation: Coordinate all library types.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
7. Resource sharing examples exclude: A) Library of Congress B) Local only C) Lenin Library D) International Answer: B Explanation: All levels including global.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
8. Third Law services include all except: A) New additions lists B) Book exhibitions C) Closed access D) Displays Answer: C Explanation: Open access primary.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
9. Fourth Law time types: A) Objective only B) Subjective only C) Both objective/subjective D) None Answer: C Explanation: Actual + felt time saved by open access.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
10. Fifth Law growth types: A) Static B) Child/adult C) Decline D) External only Answer: B Explanation: Physical fast (child); qualitative internal (adult).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
11. Weeding out implies: A) Discard all B) Remove for space/new C) Never weed D) Add only Answer: B Explanation: Self-renewing; store centrally.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
12. Restated First Law: A) Books for use B) Documents/info for use C) Readers first D) Static library Answer: B Explanation: Modern info carriers.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
13. Library staff motto (First Law): A) Preservation first B) Service with smile C) Closed access D) Limit hours Answer: B Explanation: Courteous/helpful attitude.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
14. Second Law staff tool for micro-docs: A) Fiction B) Indexing/abstracting C) Weeding D) Furniture Answer: B Explanation: Scattered literature.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
15. Open access disadvantage controllable: A) All eliminated B) Unsocial acts C) No browsing D) Time waste Answer: B Explanation: Advantages outweigh.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
16. Charging systems evolution: A) Register to computerised B) Open to closed C) Static D) Manual only Answer: A Explanation: Time-saving (Fourth Law).Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
17. Fifth Law components (4): A) Books/staff/readers/infra B) Money only C) Building D) Staff/users Answer: A Explanation: All grow.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
18. Hospitable classification (Fifth Law): A) Shared numbers B) No interpolation C) Subject depth separate D) Static Answer: C Explanation: Retrieval ease.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
19. Wider 4th Law corollary: A) Save reader time B) Save staff time C) Grow books D) Open access Answer: B Explanation: IT efficiency.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
20. Info society driving force: A) Print B) IT C) Chained books D) Legislation Answer: B Explanation: Instant access last 50 years.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
21. User education advocates: A) First Law B) Second Law C) Third D) Fifth Answer: B Explanation: Reader obligations.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
22. Shelf rectification responsibility: A) Readers B) Staff C) State D) None Answer: B Explanation: Third Law open access.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
23. Book stock growth impact: A) No change B) Relabel shelves/guides C) Reduce staff D) Static racks Answer: B Explanation: Interpolation/movement.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
24. Self-renewing library: A) No weeding B) Weeded=added C) Child growth D) Decline Answer: B Explanation: Post-maturity.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
25. Third Law exhibition purpose: A) Unused books B) Only new C) Topical only D) Staff Answer: A Explanation: Attract potential readers.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
26. Second Law violation: A) Buy demanded B) User survey C) Buy unwanted D) Reference Answer: C Explanation: Over demanded.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
27. Fourth Law subjective time: A) Actual clock B) Felt waiting C) Both D) Ignore Answer: B Explanation: Open access saves.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
28. Fifth Law building provision: A) No expansion B) Horizontal/vertical C) Shrink D) Static Answer: B Explanation: Future growth.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
29. Restated 3rd Law: A) Use info B) Right info right user C) Grow staff D) Save time Answer: B Explanation: Transfer chain.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
30. Laws philosophical role: A) Optional B) Basis all activities C) Preservation D) Static Answer: B Explanation: Rationale/yardstick/innovation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
31. Library of Congress context: A) Self-sufficient B) Needs sharing C) Closed D) No users Answer: B Explanation: Second Law resource sharing.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
32. Children’s furniture (First Law): A) Adult size B) Special/attractive C) High racks D) Ugly Answer: B Explanation: Promote use.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
33. Reference service emphasis: A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth Answer: B Explanation: Comprehensive info.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
34. Catalogue analytical entries: A) First Law B) Second Law C) Fifth D) None Answer: B Explanation: Chapters/pages.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
35. Stack room guides: A) Readers B) Third/Fourth Law C) Weeding D) Hours Answer: B Explanation: Open access/time save.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
36. Modernisation implication: A) Manual B) Computer housekeeping C) Reduce books D) Static Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law large libraries.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
37. Info as resource-transformer: A) 2nd Law B) Restated 1st C) 5th D) 4th Answer: B Explanation: National development.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
38. Optimum recall/precision: A) 1st B) Restated 2nd C) 3rd D) Static Answer: B Explanation: User-centered.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
39. Library hours issue (India): A) Always ideal B) Mismatch clientele C) Too long D) Closed Answer: B Explanation: First Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
40. Browsing advantage: A) Closed access B) Related fields C) Time waste D) No discovery Answer: B Explanation: Third Law open access.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
41. Ticket/photo charging: A) Time waste B) Fourth Law C) First D) Fifth Answer: B Explanation: Reduce issue/return time.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
42. User education program: A) Optional B) Second Law strong advocate C) Weeding D) Location Answer: B Explanation: Reader responsibilities.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
43. Hospitable schedule: A) Shared class numbers B) Separate depths C) No growth D) Rigid Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law retrieval.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
44. Adult library growth: A) Visible physical B) Qualitative replacement C) Stop D) Child-like Answer: B Explanation: Cell-like.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
45. Wider 5th Law: A) Static B) Self-adapting systems C) Print only D) No users Answer: B Explanation: Dynamic needs.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
46. Chidambaram event: A) 1924 B) 1928 exposition C) IT conference D) Weeding Answer: B Explanation: First formal Five Laws.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
47. Pre-democracy library access: A) All B) Privileged C) Masses D) Universal Answer: B Explanation: Second Law change.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
48. Shelf guides responsibility: A) Readers B) Staff C) State D) Users Answer: B Explanation: Third Law maintenance.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
49. Acquisition policy basis: A) Ignore users B) User surveys C) Random D) No selection Answer: B Explanation: Second Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
50. Info transfer chain: A) 1st B) 3rd restated C) 4th D) 2nd Answer: B Explanation: Generation to use.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
51. Library as organism components exclude: A) Book stock B) Staff C) Money only D) Readers Answer: C Explanation: 4 components incl. infra.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
52. Periodic relabelling: A) No growth B) Book stock growth C) Staff D) Hours Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law interpolation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
53. Reference intensification: A) Readers decline B) Staff growth C) No services D) Static Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
54. Central storage weeded books: A) Discard B) Cooperation C) Add back D) Ignore Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
55. IT cuts delay: A) 1st B) 4th restated C) 3rd D) 5th Answer: B Explanation: Speed/effectiveness.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
56. Laws innovativeness: A) Finite B) Infinite C) Static D) Past only Answer: B Explanation: Summary.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
57. User survey unit reference: A) Unit 1 B) Unit 12 C) Unit 5 D) None Answer: B Explanation: Second Law book choice.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
58. Misplacement temptation: A) Staff B) Readers avoid C) Open access D) Closed Answer: B Explanation: Third Law responsibility.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
59. Catalogue interpolation: A) Rigid B) Card (growth) C) No entries D) Digital only Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
60. National development role: A) 2nd B) Restated 1st C) 4th D) Static Answer: B Explanation: Info harnessing.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
61. Bay guides: A) First Law B) Open access C) Charging D) Weeding Answer: B Explanation: Third Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
62. Momentary interest: A) Fourth Law B) Second C) First D) Fifth Answer: A Explanation: Time save urgency.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
63. Self-sufficient library: A) Possible B) None even largest C) Public only D) Small Answer: B Explanation: Resource sharing.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
64. Functional aesthetic building: A) First Law B) Fifth C) Second D) Third Answer: A Explanation: Implications.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
65. Profuse cross-references: A) Avoid B) Catalogue for chapters C) No analytics D) Staff only Answer: B Explanation: Second Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
66. Trial-error waste: A) Open B) Closed access C) Modern charging D) Display Answer: B Explanation: Fourth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
67. Diversified services: A) Staff decline B) Fifth Law C) No readers D) Static Answer: B Explanation: Growth.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
68. Vertical expansion: A) No provision B) Building future C) Shrink D) Horizontal only Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
69. Precision/recall goal: A) 3rd B) Restated 2nd C) 1st D) 5th Answer: B Explanation: Info systems.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
70. Yardstick validity: A) Optional B) Laws collectively C) One only D) Ignore Answer: B Explanation: Summary.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
71. User education consequences: A) Theft awareness B) Second Law C) First D) Fourth Answer: B Explanation: Rule observance.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
72. Book exhibition unused: A) Third Law B) Avoid C) New only D) Staff Answer: A Explanation: Find readers.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
73. Register charging: A) Modern B) Time-consuming violation C) Recommended D) Fast Answer: B Explanation: Fourth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
74. Multi-directional growth: A) Restated 5th B) Static C) Print D) No IT Answer: A Explanation: Info universe.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
75. Staff qualitative increase: A) No services B) Fifth Law C) Readers D) Books Answer: B Explanation: Diversification.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
76. Library Congress deficient: A) Yes sharing B) Self-sufficient C) Closed D) No users Answer: A Explanation: Second Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
77. Noise-free location: A) First Law B) Fifth C) Second D) Third Answer: A Explanation: Serious study.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
78. Analytical entries miss: A) Chapters in books B) Whole books C) Journals D) No Answer: A Explanation: Second Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
79. Objective time: A) Felt B) Actual spent C) Both D) Ignore Answer: B Explanation: Fourth Law closed vs open.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
80. Cooperation weeding: A) Discard B) Central storage C) Add D) No Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
81. Personal bias avoid: A) Restated 2nd B) 1st C) 4th D) 5th Answer: A Explanation: Non-discriminatory.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
82. Prominent school library: A) Hidden B) First Law location C) Basement D) Noisy Answer: B Explanation: Notice easy.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
83. Speedy procurement: A) Fourth Law B) Second C) Third D) First Answer: A Explanation: Classification/catalogue.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
84. Interpolated entries: A) Rigid catalogue B) Card Fifth Law C) No growth D) Digital Answer: B Explanation: Subject intake.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
85. Marketing info professional: A) 3rd restated B) 1st C) 2nd D) 4th Answer: A Explanation: Use chain.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
86. Unhelpful staff impact: A) More visits B) Permanent deter C) No effect D) Growth Answer: B Explanation: First Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
87. Finance bottleneck solution: A) No legislation B) Max output limited input C) Ignore D) Cut services Answer: B Explanation: State Second Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
88. Browsing potential needs: A) Closed B) Open Third Law C) No D) Staff Answer: B Explanation: Actual + unknown.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
89. Housekeeping computerise: A) Small libs B) Large growing Fifth C) No D) Manual Answer: B Explanation: Modernisation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
90. Basic right democracy: A) Privilege B) Knowledge access C) Restricted D) No education Answer: B Explanation: Second Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
91. Stack room guides: A) Fourth/Fifth B) Time save open C) Readers D) No Answer: B Explanation: Implications.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
92. Shelf rectification: A) Readers B) Staff regular C) State D) Optional Answer: B Explanation: Third Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
93. New services tech-backed: A) Staff growth Fifth B) Decline C) No D) Static Answer: A Explanation: Diversify.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
94. Schematic diagram: A) No B) Wider laws growth C) Static D) Print Answer: B Explanation: Multi-directional.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
95. Laws alert innovations: A) No B) Summary yes C) Past D) Rigid Answer: B Explanation: Serve community better.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
96. Monopolise misplacement: A) Allowed B) Reader violation Second C) Staff D) No Answer: B Explanation: Obligations.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
97. Class number sharing problem: A) Easy retrieval B) Difficult same subject C) No growth D) Hospitable Answer: B Explanation: Fifth Law.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
98. Bulk/variety no problem: A) IT Wider B) Print C) Chained D) Manual Answer: A Explanation: Last 50 years.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
99. User at centre: A) Restated 2nd B) 1st C) 5th D) No Answer: A Explanation: Design/operation.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​
100. Philosophical basis: A) Optional B) All library work C) One law D) Ignore Answer: B Explanation: Programs/activities/services.Block-1-BLIS-01-Unit-2.pdf​

This quiz is useful for the aspirants of Library Science. Students appearing for UGC NET, SLET, KVS Librarian and NVS Librarian and DSSSB Librarian etc. can practice these exams. This is designed to give conceptual clarity.

For other quizzes on Library Science, kindly visit the page here.

Source : IGNOU B.Lib Material

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Quiz Contributor:
Manibabu Vajja, Librarian, K V Waltair, Visakhapatnam

This quiz is useful for the aspirants of Library Science. Students appearing for UGC NET, SLET, KVS Librarian and NVS Librarian and DSSSB Librarian etc. can practice these exams.

For other quizzes on Library Science, kindly visit the page here.

Source : IGNOU B.Lib Material

• Master Ten Advanced English Words: Complete Learning Guide 06-01-2026
• Mastering Ten Challenging English Words: A Vocabulary Journey
• Vedic Period & Upanishads Quiz – Ancient Philosophy | December 15
• KVS/NVS Previous Year Style Quiz – Mixed GK & Current Affairs 2024-2025
• Hindi Vyakaran (Grammar) Quiz – Shabd Gyan & Tense – KVS/NVS

This quiz is useful for the aspirants of Library Science. Students appearing for UGC NET, SLET, KVS Librarian and NVS Librarian and DSSSB Librarian etc. can practice these exams.

For other quizzes on Library Science, kindly visit the page here.

Source : IGNOU B.Lib Material

For quizzes on General English, please visit the page here.

For General Knowledge quizzes, kindly click here

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